NOTES
1 Sean Maloney, ' 'Dr Strangelove Visits Canada: Projects Rustic, Ease, and Bridge, 1958-1963,"
Canadian Military History 6, no. 1 (Spring 1997): 42-56; Paul Ozorak,
Bunkers Bunkers Everywhere (Ottawa: Paul Ozarak, 1998). These should be read in conjunction with David McConnell's excellent organizational history
of the Canadian government's preparations for civil defence in the era,
The Story of Emergency Preparedness Canada, 1948-1998 (Ottawa, 1998), which can be found on Emergency Preparedness Canada's Web site, www.epc-pcc.gc.ca.
2 Ozorak,
Bunkers, Bunkers, chap. 2, p. 5.
4 R.B. Curry, "The Emergency Measures Organization,"
Canadian Army Journal 14 (1960): 8-12.
5 David McConnell, "The Diefenbunker: The Central Emergency Government Headquarters at Carp and Continuity of Government," Historic
Sites and Monuments Board of Canada Agenda Paper (Ottawa: Parks Canada, 1994), 771.
6 Maloney, "Dr Strangelove," p. 49; McConnell, "Diefenbunker," 771 ; Ozorak,
Bunkers, Bunkers, 81-83; the CCDC in Arnprior assumed the role of CEGHQ from Army Camp Petawawa at noon on 27 January 1962, NAC RG 571216-2,
vol. 1, R. B. Curry, Director, EMO to Col. H. M. Catiicart, Commander, Camp Petawawa, EMO-1/59 Operation RUSTIC, Parts I and
II, 22 January 1962.
7 Maloney, "Dr Strangelove," 49, correctly locates the Richardson detachment in the area between Perth and Smiths Falls, but
refers to it incorrectly as
Robertson. The Richardson Detachment is not to be confused with the CBC short-wave monitoring station on Richardson Side Road, a few
kilometres south of Carp (Ken Gray, "Station Keeps Ear On Static, Not Spies,"
Ottawa Citizen (13 August 1997), B6). Any connection between the Richardson Side Road facility and the Diefenbunker during the 1950s and
1960s is unlikely since it was standard procedure to locate transmitter parks "... at least 5 miles from both the main building
and the remote receiving antenna park." (DND - HQTS 1250-91/B37-1, Project BRIDGE Communications; BRIDGE 1 - British Columbia;
1 June 1960). This document refers to the REGHQ at Nanaimo, but the specifications would have applied to the CEGHQ. The Richardson
Side Road installation would have been too close to the Diefenbunker.
8 J. Scanlon, "The Roller Coaster Story of Civil Defence Planning in Canada,"
Emergency Planning Digest (April-June 1982): 6.
9 "The Rustic Plan is tile basic plan for die warning and movement of Government officials having an emergency assignment at
the Central Emergency Government Facilities." NAC RG 57 84-85/658,1216-2, vol. 2, C. R. Patterson, Director General, CEMO,
Memorandum for the Minister, 4 August 1966.
10 NAC RG 24 096-103-6,83/84/049, vol. 107 pt. 1, doc. CEP-10/61, Memorandum to the Cabinet Committee on Emergency Plans, Federal
Departmental Relocation Sites, Annex. "A," 7 November 1961, pp. 1-3.
11 Maloney, "Dr Strangelove," 47; Ozorak,
Bunkers, Bunkers, 86-87.
12 NAC RG 57 84-85/658 1216-2, vol. 1, EMO-l/62, RUSTIC Plan, pp. 7-8.
13 Ibid., 1216-2, vol. 1, R. B, Curry, Director EMO to R. B. Bryce, Clerk of the Privy Council, 2 October 1962.
14 Ibid., 1220-1, vol. 1, Mathewson, Department of External Affairs, to A. R Menzies, Under Secretary of State for External Affairs,
28 March 1962, p. 3.
15 Ibid., 1216-2, vol. 1, EMO-l/62, The RUSTIC Plan says in part; "Departmental parties will assemble at Readiness Units
at Kemptville and Carleton Place," the "Revised Plan" dated 5 October 1962 says: "with the exception of EASE, the only fallout protected facilities presently
available in me Central Complex are the basements of die Readiness Units at Kemptville and Carleton Place." Ibid., 1225-5,
vol. 1, Bergin to Letourneau, Observations (WSAC) Sites
Carleton Place and Kemptville, 29 January 1963, alludes to only two functioning relocation sites. Two years later on 5 January 1965, a "note to file" entitled
"Federal Department Relocation Units" (ibid., 1216-2, vol. 1) confirms the existence of three, including the one at Smiths
Falls. Over a year later on 5 April 1966, the Interim Report on Review of Relocation Plans (ibid., 1216-2, vol. 2) says in
part: "we have only 3 relocation units, each capable of housing 80 people in protected accommodation." The Smiths Falls FDRS
must therefore have opened between January 1963 and January 1965.
16 McConnell,
Emergency Preparedness Canada, chap. 2, 41-13.
17 NAC RG 57 1216-2, vol. 1, Revised Plan, 5 October 1962; Ibid., 1220-1, vol. 1, Col. R. J. Letourneau, CEMO to P. A. Faguy,
Director, EMO, Allocation of Space — Arnprior RU, 8 January 1964.
18 Ozorak,
Bunkers, Bunkers, 84, lists six "CRUs," including one in Cornwall. Plans for a relocation site in Cornwall had been discussed by EMO, which
produced a document entitled "Minimum Requirements for a 250-man Federal Departmental Relocation Unit in the Basement of die
Federal Building at Cornwall Ontario" (ibid., 1220-1, vol. 1). Ozorak did not have access to subsequent records indicating
that the project was cancelled as early as 1963, e.g., ibid., 1220-1, vol. 2, P. A Faguy, Director, EMO to E. Armstrong, Deputy
Minister of National Defence, untitled, 28 April 1963; ibid., 1220-1, vol. 2, P. A. Faguy, Director, EMO to Members of Interdepartmental
Advisory Committee on Civil Emergency Planning, IAC-6/64-Departmental Relocation Units at me Central Level, 9 June 1965; also,
p. 1, Item 1, R. L Rumerford, Chief, General Planning Division to Director, Planning Branch, Departmental Relocation Units
at die Central Level, 9 February 1966.
19 Ibid., 1220-1, vol. 2, R.A. Faguy, Director, EMO to E. B. Armstrong, Deputy Minister of National Defence, untitled, 27 May
1965, ibid., 1220-1, vol. 2, S. N. White, Survival Planning (Technical), CEMO to C. W. Bunting, Director, Continuity of Government
Section, EMO, Relocation Unit Accommodation—Kingston, 12 April 1965; ibid., 1220-1, vol. 2, J. F. Wallace, CEMO, to Departmental
Committee on Civil Emergency Planning, 31 May 1967.
20 Ibid., 1220-1, vol. 2, Anon., Report of Visit to Relocation Sites at Carleton Place, Kemptville and Smiths Falls, 10 March
1966.
21 The term
Public Service Training Centre (PSTC) is first used in 1968 to refer to non-emergency use of die above-ground portions of Kemptville and Carleton Place,
but reference is made to "the No. 2 Central Relocation Unit," presumably the basement of one of the above, in 1972; which
means that they remained available for that purpose until at least the early 1970s. NAC RG 57 1216-2, vol. 2, J. S. Beeman,
Director, Emergency Planning, EMO, to C. W. Bunting, Director, Continuity of Government, EMO, Emergency Planning—Continuity
of Government — General — RUSTIC PLAN, 14 February 1972.
22 Ibid., 1220-1, vol. 2, C. R. Patterson, Director General, EMO to Members of the Interdepartmental Committee on Civil Emergency
Planning, Central Relocation Units, 17 September 1968, Attach.— Central Relocation Units (Provisional), pp. 3-5. The term
Relocation Site was used in different ways. In the late 1950s and very early 1960s, it meant any large building with a basement identified
for possible use by manning personnel. When the term appears in official correspondence after about 1962 it generally refers
to
protected relocation sites. To further confuse matters, EMO continued to identify suitable non-protected buildings for use by groups
other than manning personnel, even after the protected basement sites were built. Maloney refers to the Ontario Agricultural
College in Kemptville being used as a Relocation Site by "External Affairs." However, close examination of the primary sources
shows that the Diplomatic Corps was assigned to the college, while personnel from External Affairs were assigned to the protected
basement relocation site beneath the Readiness Unit across town. Maloney also refers to relocation sites in Almonte and Renfrew.
If correct, these could only have been unprotected relocation sites. Another possible explanation is that the acronym CRU
was sometimes used for
central relocation unit as well as
communications relay unit. His sources could have been referring to small transmitter/receiver stations in those places. NAC RG 24 096-103-6 83-84/
049, vol. 107, pt 1, doc. CEP-10/61, Memorandum to Cabinet Committee on Emergency Plans, Federal Departmental Relocation Sites,
7 November 1961, p. 2; RG 57, 84-85/658 1220-1, vol. 1, Mathewson, DEA, 28 March 1962, pp. 2-3; RG 57 1220-1, vol. 1, A. R.
Menzies, Under-Secretary of State for External Affairs to "The Director," EMO, 29 March 1962.
23 NAC RG 57, 1220-1, vol. 1, Col. R. J. Letourneau, EMO to P. A Faguy, Director, EMO, Allocation of Space — Arnprior RU, 8 January
1964; ibid., 1220-1, vol. 2, G W. Bunting, Head, Continuity of Government Section, EMO to Chief, General Planning Division,
EMO, Relocation Unit — Pembroke Post Office Building, 13 June 1966; ibid., 1220-1, vol. 2, H. S. Bergin, Assistant Head, Emergency
Sites Section, EMO, to file, Pembroke Federal Building: Notes and Observations by H. S. Bergin, 16 September 1966.
24 Ibid., 1220-1, vol. 2, Cpl. J. L. P. d'Entrement, Emergency Planning Section to RCMP Civil Security, Survey Report — Emergency
Government Relocation Site — Kemptville, Ontario, pp. 2-3,16 May 1968.
25 NAC RG 29 1011115-1-8, vol. 1, Statement on Civil Emergency Planning to the House of Commons Special Committee on Defence,
18 June 1964, pp. 6-7; RG 57 89-90/212 2150-2, G. S. Hatton, Deputy Civil Defence Coordinator, to R. B. Curry, Director, EMO,
Post Office role in support of Registration and Inquiry Service of Welfare Program, 24 March 1959 ; R. H. Stehelin, Emergency
Welfare Services Division, to Director EMO Registration and Inquiry, 25 September 1959; #WEL-R&I-1, R H Stehelin, The Registration
and Inquiry Service, 27 June 1962; RG 24 096-103-6 83-84/049, vol. 107, pt. 2, Emergency Legislation: Other Government Departments,
EMOR-WELL11, The Emergency Welfare Regulations Item 2b., 18 December 1962.
26 Ozorak,
Bunkers, Bunkers, 88. Some of this information was extracted from "Minimum Requirements for a 250-Man Federal Department Relocation Unit in
the Basement of the Federal Building at Cornwall, Ontario." NAC RG 57 84-85/6581220-1, vol. 1, n.d. This material relates
to the proposed Cornwall facility, which was never installed, but would have applied to other relocation sites.
27 Ibid., 1220-1, vol. 2, Cpl. J. L. P. d'Entremont, Emergency Planning Section to RCMP Civil Security, re. Survey Report — Emergency
Government Relocation Site — Kemptville, Ontario 16 May, 1968, pp. 2-3. During a visit to the former Carleton Place relocation
site in December 2000,1 was shown discoloration on the walls, extending three or four feet from the floor, caused by periodic
flooding over the years.
28 The number of personnel assigned to a particular site was continually being revised depending on a number of factors, such
as the use of "hot bed," the total amount of space available in other designated buildings, the total number of personnel
requiring accommodation, and whether unprotected space and/or off-site accommodation was to be used in addition to protected
space. Ibid., 1216-2, vol. 2., K. E. Holmes, Operational Readiness Officer, EMO to A. E. Coony, Chief, Operational Services
Division, CEMO, EMO Manning Table, 4 April 1966; ibid., 1225-5, vol. 1, H. S. Bergin, Assistant Head, Emergency Sites Section,
EMO to Col R. L. Letourneau, Observations (WSAC) Sites Carleton Place and Kemptville, 29 January 1963; ibid., 1220-1, vol.
2, Patterson,
op. cit., pp. 1-3; ibid., 1220-1, vol. 2, E. Atkins, Head, Organization and Operations Section, EMO, to file, Establishments — Central
Relocation Units, 9 November 1967.
29 Ibid., 1216-2, vol. 2, R A. Faguy, Director EMO, Memorandum for Mr Drury (Deputy Minister of Finance), Designation of Ministers
for Emergency Government, 1 September 1964; ibid., 1216-2, vol. 2, Operational Readiness Officer, EMO to A. E. Cooney, Chief,
Operational Services Branch, EMO, Rustic Revision (1966), 26 January 1966.
30 Ibid., 1220-1, vol. 1, Col. R J. Letourneau to P. A Faguy, Director, EMO, Emergency Rations, 3 January 1963; ibid., 1220-1,
vol. 1, Col. R. J. Letourneau to P. A Faguy, Director, EMO, Equipment and Supplies — Government Emergency Centres, 4 January
1963; ibid., 1220-1, vol. 1, R B. Curry, Director, EMO, to R.B. Bryce, Clerk of the Privy Council, Equipment for Readiness
Units — Above Ground Use, 4 January 1964; ibid., 1225-5, vol. 1, R B. Curry, Director, CEMO to B.B. Hart, Rustic Stores, 6
September 1966.
31 Ibid., 1220-1, vol. 1, Col. R. J. Letourneau to P. A. Faguy, Director, EMO, Readiness and Relocation Unit Administration,
14 July 1964, Attach. — Duties of Administrative Officer for Readiness and Relocation Units.
32 Ibid., 1220-1, vol. 2, p. 2, Memo to Members of the Interdepartmental Committee on Civil Emergency Planning, Central Relocation
Units, 14 July 1964.
33 Ozorek, Bunkers, Bunkers, 100; Canadian Army Manual of Training: Survival Operations, (Ottawa: 1961), 30-34;
"Nuclear Detonation and Fallout Reporting System," A Report Prepared by the Directorate of Survival Operations and Plans,
Anny Headquarters, Canadian Army Journal 15, no. 3 (1961): 11-12; EMO
National Digest 2, no. 4 (August 1962): 11-12; DSEO V 1150-4110/C42, Annex A, NDFRS/NUDET Posts, DND Working Group on Communications Requirements,
p. 2, 31 May 1966; NAC RG 57 84-85/658 1220-1, vol. 1, Col R. J. Letourneau to P. A. Faguy, Director, EMO, Readiness and Relocation
Unit Administration, 14 July 1964, Attach. — Duties of Administrative Officer for Readiness and Relocation Units.
34 Ibid., p. 6; McConnell, "Diefenbunker," 777-778.
35 Personal Communication, Sandra Salmins, Property Manager, Olde Barracks Office and Meeting Centre, December 2000.
36 Personal Communication, Staff Sergeant Ed MacDonald, RCMP Training Centre Pstc 270, Kemptville, June 2000.
37 Ozorak,
Bunkers, Bunkers, 81-83.
38 Henry Kissinger,
The White House Years (New York, 1979), quoted in J. L. Granatstein and Norman Hillmer,
For Better or Worse: Canada and the United States to the 1990s, (Toronto, Copp Clark Pitman, 1991), 260.
39 McConnell, "Diefenbunker," 765. See also government documents quoted in the same author's
Emergency Preparedness Organization, passim. As it was difficult to determine Soviet plans with any certainty, this view was conjectural, and remains the subject
of debate among historians today. To my knowledge, the archival records that could be consulted to clarify the issue remain
classified.
40 Personal Communication, Doug Hildebrand, Curator, Canadian Forces Communications and Electronics Museum, Kingston, January
2001.
