Old GPSes just keep on truckin'

Trimble Transpak II (c) 1993 P/N 19437-60 

I picked up a Trimble Transpak II and a Trimble Pathfinder a while back on eBay, and never did get around to sorting them out and getting them mounted in the Suburban.  I think it's time I took a stab at that again.  Maybe I should back up and explain how I got here.

First, the specifications:

Trimble Transpak II
Copyright 1993
v4.20 Firmware
6 L1 band (1575.42 MHz) receiver 
External Serial Data Port
Internal Antenna / External Antenna Port
9-32VDC 5W Power
P/N: 19437-60

Trimble Pathfinder Basic
Copyright 1990
v3.14 Firmware
6 L1 band (1575.42 MHz) receiver
External Serial Data Port
Internal Antenna / External Antenna Port
9-32VDC 5W Power
P/N: 14992-60


How many GPSes does a guy need?

It seems like all electronic communication or internet-ready devices are coming with built in GPSes these days.  On my last trip I had an iPad, a Playbook, a Blackberry, a Holux M-1000 data logger, and a Garmin dash-mounted GPS... all with built in GPS functionality. So why do I need another?  Well, maybe I don't, but I discovered most of the devices quickly lost functionality when I was out of cell/data range, and these old GPSes never had such a crutch.  They also dont have maps in them to get out of date, which is great - but navigating the roads with them isn't very handy.  What they are really good at is telling you when you're getting close to a pre-designated waypoint, OR tell you where you are within 10 feet.  Yes, these devices from the early 1990s, when the Seattle Grunge scene was at the top of the charts, and the first Iraq war, perform better now than when they initially hit the streets.  Why?  Well, at the time the US military, who control the GPS satellite constellation, were "fuzzing" the signal with a technique called Selective Availability; so it would wander and not be very accurate. They stopped doing so on May 2, 2000 - supposedly permanently.  These units are ruggedized, and look like they could be thrown out of a moving tank in the desert and keep on working. I'm not sure how waterproof they are, but they are at least water resistant.

For power, they take a lead acid rechargeable battery pack, 8 AA batteries (AA battery pack shown in the pictures above), or car-cigarette adapter for 12V power; but interestingly will take anywhere from 9-32V.  So, you can power these things off a 24V NATO power source, a 12V civilian vehicle, or... I don't know what would put out 32VDC..?

Another funny quirk came up; Y2K and planned obsolescence.  Both of these Trimble receivers are on the list on non-Y2K compliant devices, so why didn't they explode on January 1st 2000?  Evidently the GPS signal has at least three parts to it (I'm sure there are more than 3 but I haven't looked up the standard, if it's even published in sufficient detail) The coordinates are independent of time or date; they continue to be accurate down to 0.1 arc seconds (10 feet according to Brooke Clarke's web site - Thank you Brooke!) and I haven't noticed any issue with coordinate precision.  Then there's the time, which is accurate to the second, as far as I can tell.  However, the date is way off - I'm not sure when Trimble expected these units to last for in the field, but 2015 wasn't planned for.  On March 12th 2015 the date read July 27th 1995.  If anyone can explain this I'd really like to hear it.  I presume there's some math involved that can explain it and the date chosen isn't random.

So, why again?

Well, provided I can hard wire the power to it in the Suburban, and mount it in a tidy fashion on the dash, it will function as an interesting talking point, an excellent timepiece, and a backup GPS that will surely never fail.  It's lasted this long, it'll last through the apocalypse.

RCAF Station Uplands - Cold War Quick Reaction Alert Hangers and Weapons Storage Area

"A load of rocket pods destined for 428 Squadron Mk. 5s, Uplands, March 16, 1960. (DND)"
Credit: http://www.canaero.ca/subpages/Article%20content/cf-100rocketspage1_Rocket%20podsa.html

(Updating this post from a couple of years ago with new info) In the early 1950s the Cold War was in full swing, and Canadian Forces bases across Canada were outfitted with hangers suitable for fighter-interceptor aircraft to be stationed, on alert, with their air crews standing by to hop in and take off in minutes.  Nearby to these Quick Reaction Alert (QRA) hangers were munitions storage facilities. What kind of facility was dictated by what kind of ammunition would be stored.  Both conventional ammunition storage facilities and Special Ammunition Storage (SAS) facilities (for the AIR-2 Genie nuclear air-to-air missile (well, rocket)) were built.  I have no evidence that the AIR-2 Genie was ever located at CFB Uplands, since the nearby munitions storage facility was not designed to store nuclear ammunition.  Also, the RCAF 410 and 428 squadrons, which were based out of Uplands, flying the CF-100 Canuck then CF-101 Voodoo, were retired in 1961 and 1964, before the AIR-2 Genie was delivered in 1965.

When 410 and 428 squadron ceased operations at the Uplands base, did DND move out of the hangers completely? Have the hangers been shuffled from department to department until today?  From the outside the hangers look to be in remarkably good shape, even the domestic building between the two hangers, where the fighter pilots would have hung out on alert looks to be in good shape.  Many similar domestic buildings have been destroyed, at other bases, so it's nice to see that one is still intact.

Also, the National Historic Sites Directorate has recognised the importance of preserving the CFB Bagotville QRA and as of 2007 it is designated a National Historic Site of Canada under the Historic Sites and Monuments Act. 
It is the only QRA hanger site to hold that designation.
http://historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=15801

atlas.gc.ca
RCAF Station Uplands QRA Hangers - Blue

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QRA Hangers @ the former Canadian Forces Station Uplands

Domestic bldg between the QRA Hangers @ the former Canadian Forces Station Uplands

QRA Hangers @ the former Canadian Forces Station Uplands

QRA Hangers @ the former Canadian Forces Station Uplands

QRA Hangers @ the former Canadian Forces Station Uplands

QRA Hangers @ the former Canadian Forces Station Uplands

From the fantastic Bing Maps Bird's Eye imagery you can clearly see the pair of earth covered magazines at the munitions storage facility just East of the QRA hangers, are almost identical to those I photographed by the runway at the former CFB North Bay aerodrome.  Conventional munitions for the CF-100 and CF-101 would have been stored in these very same bunkers back in the 1950s-1960s.  The five bay building is a mystery to me, and looks newer than the others; it doesn't seem terribly structurally secure from the outside, but does have berms in front of the five garage-sized doors on both sides.  The building with a pass-through looks like an assembly or workshop area to load/unload munitions through all seasons and under cover.

The building is still actively in use by the Canadian Forces Support Unit (Ottawa), as stated on their web page.

North-ish Facing - Bird's Eye - Bing Maps

West-ish Facing - Bird's Eye - Bing Maps

South-ish Facing - Bird's Eye - Bing Maps

East-ish Facing - Bird's Eye - Bing Maps

View Larger Map  |  View Bird's Eye

Further reading:
The following web site shows images taken in April 2006 at the QRA in Comox with CF-188M fighters from 441 Squadron, Cold Lake.
http://www.hazersflightline.com/amalgamdart.htm

United States Strategic Air Command Facilities in Canada

I'm always surprised to find new types of installations or buildings that I didn't know existed.  I know that I know a very small corner of a much bigger pie of Cold War knowledge, but I had no idea I'd missed an entire class of hardened structures from the 1950s!

Moleholes
The "Molehole" (aka Mole-hole, or Mole Hole) is a hardened Alert building that would house, feed, and entertain American air crews flying B-47 Straojets, Air-refueling tankers like the KC-97, or other long range aviation assets' air crews, while they were waiting for the order to strike the Soviet Union.  They came in three sizes globally, depending on where and what kind of deployment of aircraft they would support; 18,000 square feet (70 men); 22,500 square feet (100 men); and, 31,000 square feet (150 men) - different versions of the molehole were built at SAC bases worldwide.  The six moleholes in Canada were all of the 18000sq ft / 70 man variety and were completely built by late 1959 or 1960.

"...alert areas went in at 65 SAC installations nationwide during 1956 to 1960, with a partially below ground, reinforced concrete alert quarters for the pilots built at each apron. The alert quarters, called moleholes, were in effect partially hardened, and not surprisingly were designed by the same Omaha architectural-engineering firm responsible for SAC’s underground command center of this same period, Leo A. Daly. With dispersal, SAC made some of its alert aprons bomber-only and some tanker. By the early 1960s bombers and tankers were sometimes on alert at a single installation—with tanker pens in addition to the Christmas tree configuration, and with house trailers again brought to the tarmac."
- "Cold War Infrastructure for Strategic Air Command: The Bomber Mission"
Prepared for; Headquarters, Air Combat Command, Langley AFB, Virginia

Hangers

For a hanger to fit an entire heavy bomber, medium bomber, or air refueling tanker, it needs to be quite large.  A more resource efficient way would be building a hanger that just barely fit the plane to keep the mechanics and hardware out of the elements, and could close the door around the ass end that was sticking outside - that was exactly what the United States Strategic Air Command did in the 1950s.  Those distinct looking hangers are still at several previously SAC airstrips across the world.

The US Strategic Air Command had six such bases where SAC assets were located in Canada.

    Namao (Edmonton / Lancaster Park AB)
    Cold Lake (AB)
    Churchill (MB)
    Frobisher (Iqaluit)
    Goose Bay (NL)
    Ernest Harmon AFB (Stephenville, NL) 

---

Namao, Alberta (3955th Air Base Squadron)
(...now CFB Edmonton -Lancaster Park)

Built as a refuelling base by the SAC, crews would be stationed for 2-3 month rotations from their home base in the United States.

RCAF Station Namao became Canadian Forces Base Edmonton (Lancaster Park) after unification in 1968.

At least one "nose hanger" is still in existence on the base, conveniently right near the molehole.

Molehole Location: 53.6595, -113.4467

The molehole looks to still be in use, but I do not know by which part of the Canadian Forces.  It is listed by the Department of Treasury as being federal building # 124206, in fair condition, with 2,147 sq. m. (23110.12 sq ft) of floor space - which doesn't jive with previous information!

Photo and Caption Credit to Harold McNeill
"c1961 A KC-97 Tanker refuels one of the USAF SAC bombers high over the Canadian Arctic.
This scene would have been repeated many times a day over nearly a decade.
The bombers, loaded with nuclear weapons,
were prepared to strike deep within Russia at the first sign
of an attack against the United States."

View Larger Map

View Larger Map

Seriously? There's a trailer park beside this one?  GO ARMY! 

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Cold Lake, Alberta (3950th Air Base Squadron)

Molehole Location: 54.3948, -110.2638
Built as a refuelling base by the SAC, crews would be stationed for 2-3 month rotations from their home base in the United States.

Still in use by the Canadian Forces today, I believe called Building 104, was expanded with an addition.  The Molehole at CFB Cold Lake gets usedfrequently as the Air Force Tactical Training Centre (AFTTC)

Building 104 @ CFB Cold Lake
https://www.flickr.com/photos/59434634@N05/7973074760

View Larger Map

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Churchill, Manitoba (3949th Air Base Squadron)

Molehole: End of Runway 33 - Destroyed

Courtesy Ivan Abolit

Original SAC hangers are still in existence on the former base.

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Frobisher Air Base, Nunavut

Molehole: Unknown - Presumed Destroyed
SAC refuelling and/or Reconnaissance Base
Home of the USAF Strategic Air Command refuelling operation at Frobisher, an SAC base closed in 1963, when its refuelling operations were mostly taken up by tankers flying out of Goose Bay.

Original Nose Hanger:

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Goose Bay, Labrador

(aka Building 248 per DND 5 Wing Goose Bay Area Site Plan, 1998)

"Goose Bay Alert Facility or Mole Hole taken in early 1962 by Hank Brown."

Note the Luria Engineering multi-purpose wing hangars on the right
two of which have been demolished, two remain
"301st AREFS KC-97Gs lined up at Goose Bay in 1962 on alert. The closest aircraft is 52-0850. The second aircraft is 52-0872, another 301st ARS aircraft. The one after that is 52-0857. The 301st AREFS had a very dark green diagonal stripe on the tail during the time."

CFB Goose Bay - 2001

 

CFB Goose Bay - 2001

 

CFB Goose Bay - 2001

Molehole: 53.3086, -60.4017
Reportedly, the molehole was still in use in 2002; I don't have any more recent information than that.  
According the the Treasury Board Secretariat the building is "occupied" (as opposed to vacant.  It is building number 125892 in their registry, which shows it was built in 1959 (which matches my other information), and measures 2716 sq. m. (29234.8 sq ft) which does *not* jive with the information I had.
At least two nose-hangers are in existence, and I have marked the map below with the other two (which are shown in the picture above!). 


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"Remains of former USAF storage bunker - 1 October 1983."
Credit: Barry Yager

"Remains of former USAF secure area - 1 October 1983"
Credit: Barry Yager

 

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Ernest Harmon AFB, Newfoundland (4081st Strategic Wing)

Molehill: 48.5534, -58.5399

From what I read online, this molehole is now an accountant's office, and self-storage facility.

 

View Larger Map

Photo Credit: Shannon K. Green
via: http://planecrashgirl.blogspot.ca/2013/08/the-worst-disaster-in-history-of.html

At least four nose-hangers are clearly visible on the property of the former base. I believe the below is an example of a Luria Engineering multi-purpose wing hangar.

Photo Credit: Peter Mansell

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The Big Picture

Sources:

Terry L Horstead
The City of Ottawa
http://www.geocities.ws/kc97stratofreighter/301ars.html
http://albertacanada.com/Cold_Lake_Hot_Shots_%28June_2010%29.pdf
http://www.mcneillifestories.com/fire-walkers-chapter-1-a-nuclear-challenge/
http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/facility/bomber_alert.htm
US Nuclear Weapons in Canada, John Clearwater
John Clearwater
http://cryptocomb.org/Cold%20War%20Infrastructure%20for%20Strategic%20Air%20Command-The%20Bomber%20Mission.pdf

Trip Report: Mid-Canada Line Site 060 and back

Between October 14th and October 18th I was fortunate enough to take a trip into Northern (Northeastern) Ontario to see a few Cold War (and Cold-War Adjacent) sites that were on my bucket list, and was lucky enough to have a travelling companion who was excited to see some of same places as well.  Thank you RH for coming!  We covered over 2,700 km in four days; saw many things, missed some things, took pictures at roadside attractions, didn't die, but the weather didn't really cooperate.  On the other hand, the weather could have been worse, so I shouldn't really complain!

Bo-Mark Motel

(North Bay, Ontario)

On the first night we decided to hit a Motel; it had been raining pretty steadily all day.  Just down the road from the North Bay BOMARC launch facility we found the Bo-Mark Motel... see what they did there?  Naturally, we had to stay there.  From the outside, the Motel looked a little dated, but it was extremely well cared for inside, looks like it has been renovated, and was very clean.  I was impressed.  I would recommend it to any weary travelers.  They were full by 11pm, so be early!  As it turns out, the dog loves sleeping in the truck, and hates sleeping in a motel, so I ended up sleeping in the back of the Suburban with the dog so he didn’t bark all night - it's quite comfortable back there!

Canadian Forces Museum of Aerospace Defence

(North Bay, Ontario)

This radar console was used by the
SAGE system from 1963-1983;
please note the cigarette lighter
and ashtray in the unit

I was very pleased to finally see the Canadian Forces Museum of Aerospace Defence in North Bay.  Their dedicated staff have the support of the Canadian Forces and understand the value of preserving the CF's rich air defence history.  The museum has recently been renovated and has exhibits dating back to WWI; of course, my interest is mainly focused around the Cold War, and I was both thrilled and impressed with the quantity and quality of the materials at the exhibit.  The staff of the museum are extremely knowledgeable and passionate about their work, you will not be disappointed.  If you are passing through North Bay and have an interest in Canadian Air Defence, you should really stop in.  Check their web site for hours www.aerospacedefence.ca

Cockpit selfie in the
CT-133 Silveratar aka "T-Bird"

What about the underground bunker?  Unfortunately there are currently no tours of the former headquarters underground, it is currently being demilitarized and stripped of all military equipment.  Very unfortunate.  Considering how excited I get to see a bare patch of land where a base once stood, I really don’t care that there isn't anything "down in the hole", I don't need a museum down there, I don't even need a formal tour; just open the door!

Here is the official video of the descent into "The Hole":

 

Jack Garland Airport (YYB)

(North Bay, Ontario)

~10,000ft of runway
capable of supporting any plane in the world.

The administration of the Jack Garland Airport in North Bay astounded me by proving escorted access inside the wire to the Cold-War-era Quick Reaction Alert (QRA) hangers and former munitions storage facility within the grounds of what is now the Jack Garland Airport.  Previously, in case you were not aware, the now-civilian airport was part of CFB North Bay.  The airport's administration are well versed in the history of their airport and appreciate that individuals such as myself are interested in seeing what once would have been inaccessible to the public.  I am very grateful they were so courteous and answered every question possible.  Thanks to them, I was finally able to see the inside of a fairly unmodernised QRA hanger, and see the original three piece hanger doors which are often upgraded to "modern" doors as they break, due to the difficulty of repairing the originals.  They also granted access to the munitions bunker, but I discovered three other people this year has also been knocking; also looking to see those buildings for their own curiosity, hobbies and perhaps business.  If you are them, get in touch!

 

Former CFB North Bay Quick Reaction Alert (QRA) Hangers

(Jack Garland Airport (YYB))
(North Bay, Ontario)

The inside of the right-most
QRA Hanger

QRA hangers would have been built to keep all-weather interceptors (originally the Avro Canada CF-100 Canuck) fueled for take off, and have pilots stationed right next door in a small barracks building equipped with kitchen and sleeping facilities.  The idea was to have the interceptors fully ready to take flight at a moment's notice.  After initially being used for the CF-100, those same Cold-War-era QRA hangers have continued to be used for every generation of Canadian fighter jet since; even for Canada's latest CF-188 interceptors.

As it was explained to me; the hanger door was originally designed so that the two side doors would swing to the side, the middle door would lift (like a typical garage door), and the two supports would fold up and out of the way to opposite sides.  This design, and having front and back doors open, allows planes to power up and fly right from the hanger, rather than being pulled out before starting up their engines.  The doors are massive, and the counterweights and chains that are part of the mechanism are quite impressive too.  I was told that the leftmost hanger (Northmost in the below picture) burned to the ground, and the pilot's barracks was essentially condemned and demolished years ago.

 

Former CFB North Bay Munitions Storage Bunkers

(Jack Garland Airport (YYB))
(North Bay, Ontario)

Munitions Storage Bunkers

Reinforced blast shield

As I've mentioned previously; if there's a military airport, there has to be safe storage nearby to store any munitions that might fly in on said aircraft, and that storage needs to meet certain standards that correspond with the munitions that would be stored there.  Property on the location of the former CFB North Bay aerodrome conforms to that theory with earthen-buried bunkers at the end of the runway.  After the airport was split off from CFB North Bay in the 1990s, the bunkers were not demolished, but instead turned into storage for airport-related equipment.  The bunkers are extremely reinforced, engineered to withstand the potential blast from their munitions going off, and buffer any shrapnel or blast from hitting the airport by diverting it upwards (if I understand the design properly).  They show only minor cracks and rust, and are shockingly solid.  All electrical conduits are airtight and to spec for environments where there could be explosives present; I've never seen anything like it!

 

Near Fraserdale, Ontario

We set up camp near the Fraserdale rail siding near the Abitibi Canyon dam. 

Looking Eastward
near Fraserdale

Considering it was quite late when we set camp, it seemed like the best place we could find in the dark.  Flat, dry-ish after a day of rain, and off the side of an access road by a rail siding.  It was unlikely that anyone would be by, and it seemed safe enough. The next morning one of the locals who lived in Fraserdale stopped by to say Hi, as I'm sure we were a curious site.  I was struck by how friendly everyone was on the trip.  Fraserdale is certainly sparsely populated, but I didn't see any "scary" derelict housing (as I had expected).  I used my camp stove in the morning to make MREs for breakfast, and made coffee before packing up and heading toward Relay, Ontario.

View Larger Map  |  Get Directions  |  View Bird's Eye

Mid-Canada Line Site 060

(Relay, Ontario)

The MCL site at Relay was already cleaned up, so, except for one pad of concrete and a couple of chopped off telephone polls, there wasn't much... I was struck by how huge the area was that was remediated, and how there's absolutely no hint of the troposcatter antennas, buildings, or anything.
The road to get to the site was ~5km long, and easily walkable within an hour.  What seem to be drainage ditched have been cut into the road, and mesh fastened to the ground presumably to prevent erosion.  These ditches, while inconvenient, were not hard to jump over, and we did not get too wet.  One of the ditches has been dammed by a beaver on the West side, making quite the lake on the West side of the road, and covering the road with water.

View of the former MCL Site 060 from the Northwest end, looking SSE

Jasper, our 8 month old Great Pyrenees posing like a professional model by the train tracks, picture taken looking East

This beautiful Vulpes vulpes, the Northern Red Fox, didn't stick around long when he saw Jasper - but was very curious about us before running off into the tree line.

Travelling from Relay ON to Otter Rapids ON

Prior to taking the trip, using the latest Bing Satellite imagery, I was able to see a path existed on the West side of  the Abitibi, but I couldn’t tell exactly how well maintained that road was.  As it turns out, it's not terrible, but it was a little scary at times.  The road does have mile-markers along the way to give you a hint that you're on the right track, and overall at every road juncture the most travelled road is the "right" road to take when travelling from Relay to Otter Rapids.  I would not recommend this road for any car, it will bottom out and destroy the vehicle.  A 4WD Jeep, truck or large SUV required to make it, IMHO.

 

Otter Rapids Dam

(Otter Rapids, Ontario)

Overcast skies put a damper on the photography, but the size and power of the water that is flowing through the dam is mind-boggling.  I think this is somewhere more people should make the trip to see.  If I understand correctly, a lot of Toronto's power comes from this generating station.

Unfortunately I did not get any response to my attempts to contact OPG, so I was unable to schedule a tour of the facility.  While Hydro Quebec publicly offers free tours of many of their remote sites, I get the impression OPG doesn't feel any reason to do so.  Thanks a lot, eh.

New Post Falls

(between the Otter Rapids and Abitibi Canyon Dams)

This part of the trip was a failure, partially due to using up all my testosterone and bravery on the segment between Relay and Otter Rapids earlier in the day, partially because we were running out of light, and the weather looked like it was going to suck even more than it had been.  Let me explain.

The plan was to leave the main road (Otter Rapids Road / Green circle), travel along a trail to a spot that has a marked walking trail (Blue circle), and walk to the bottom of where the water from the falls comes out and is more calm; a 15 minute "hike".

Maybe I should have gunned it?

However, along the way we found a large body of water on the trail, and I was concerned that I didn't have sufficient self recovery tools aboard to SS Suburban in case we got stuck or soaked something electrical.  I wasn't sure of the depth or condition of the road under the water, so we decided not to go to New Post Falls that day.  Also influencing the decision was I didn't know exactly how many km we were from the trail head.  Further influencing the decision to turn back was the time of day, less than a half hour from sun down, and it was raining off and on.  The gods were not smiling on us, so we turned back.

Now that I look at the trail on Bing's satellite imagery again, I can see the water hazard on the road just ahead of where we stopped the Suburban.  Also in hindsight, I can see that the waterfall would have been ~6km ahead if we'd walked it from there.  Good to know for next time.

Travelling back to the Abitibi Canyon Dam to cross over in the dark was quite easy on the exceptionally good unpaved road on the East side of the Abitibi River; completely unlike the road on the West side of the river we had taken earlier.

Leave the main road - Green
Planned park and hike - Blue
Significant water on road - Red

Water Hazard as shown on Bing Maps

Country Inn Bar and Grill

(Val Gagne, Ontario)

We made it back as far as Val Gagne that evening and got a room out of the rain.  Jasper was initially very twitchy, as every noise in the Motel made him want to check and see what was what.  Eventually he fell into a deep-enough sleep and let us sleep as well.

While I was apprehensive, since there is an Adult Entertainment establishment next door, the room was actually pretty comfortable, and the bathroom was nice enough (tho dated looking).  Their coffee was absolutely terrible, but their breakfast was delicious - fantastic bacon, sausages and eggs won me over.

Photo Courtesy of RH

Mid-Canada Line Site 070

(Mount Kempis, Ontario)

While there is really nothing left of the Kempis Mountain Troposcatter site
(per my previous blog entries) we did stop to see the view since it seemed appropriate; We'd been to the Air Defence Museum in North Bay, and the next hop in the network at Relay after all!

View of Ramore from Kempis Mountain

In conclusion...

Every time I take a trip like this I learn a little more about how to make the next one better.  As I chew on the experience I expect to make a list of ways I could have improved it... not to take away from the awesome time that I did have, but to say; what could I do better next time?

Trip Planning: To Mid-Canada Line Site 060... and back.

New Post Falls
Photo: Andrew McLachlan

Here is the plan for the next trip.

Mid-Canada Line (MCL) sites are rather hard to get to, for me anyway, since the majority were placed along the 55th Parallel.  There are, however, a few sites which stretched South, to bounce the information gathered by the MCL to North Bay.  Those sites were, of course, the troposcatter repeaters stretching South from James Bay.

The Southmost troposcatter repeater is Site 070 (Kempis Mountain, or Mount Kempis) which I've seen before, but hope to see again on my next trip.  It is fully remediated, but provides a fantastic view.

The next hop in the former troposcatter network is 200 km away at Site 060, in Relay, Ontario - a now-non-existent place which once housed diesel generators and radio equipment.  That's where I want to get to. I've never been, and it's pretty much as far North (the 50th Parallel) as you can get in Northeastern Ontario without a canoe.

I will, however, push farther North than that, and aim to get to the Otter Rapids Generating Station, New Post Falls, and see the Abitibi Canyon Dam on the way back.

Two stops in North Bay are planned, and I will document them extensively after they happen.

I had originally been planning to see several of the air strips which were created or upgraded as part of the Pinetree Line project in the early 1950s... however, I discovered there arent many original buildings left at any of the sites... so why bother; sorry to say... My objective was to go somewhere few others have been, and fewer have photographed or documented.  MCL Site 060 at Relay, Ontario fits that bill.